What is Autism Spectrum Disorder? Symptoms, Causes, Types and Treatment

What is Autism Spectrum Disorder Symptoms, Causes, Types and Treatment


What is autism spectrum disorder?     .     

In the past, autism has generally been referred to as a single disorder,  but it is now recognized as a "spectrum"  - a group of disorders with similar features that range from mild to severe. That's why it's called autism spectrum disorder, or ASD.       

People with ASD often have problems with typical back-and-forth social communication  and interaction. This can range from subtle to severe. They may have difficulty  understanding facial expressions, body language or tone of voice . Speech delays and unusual responses to sensory stimuli like noises are also common.   

Some people with ASD  show unusual behaviors, activities and interests. This can include repetitive behaviors like hand flapping , body rocking and obsessions. Their natural curiosity may focus on one particular topic to the exclusion of others. Change to established routines can be very difficult for them.  

 The thinking style and learning abilities of people with ASD vary considerably. While some have intellectual disabilities, others have above average IQs.   

 The symptoms and characteristics of autism can present at different ages and vary widely from  person to person. In general, doctors diagnose ASD in early childhood, usually before age 3.


What are the symptoms of autism spectrum disorder?     

Here are the main symptoms of ASD that doctors look for: 

Social communication difficulties

  • Problems maintaining eye contact during conversations
  • Difficulty sharing interests or achievements with others         
  • Limited ability to engage in back-and-forth conversation      
  • Repetitive behaviors and restrictive interests  
  • Repetitive movements like hand flapping or twisting          
  • Strong attachment to strict routines and rituals   
  • Narrow, intense interests that dominate activities   

Speech and language challenges

  • Delayed speech development
  • Problems understanding and using gestures, body language, tone of voice  
  • Issues following directions or participating in imaginative play  

Sensory processing issues


  • Hypersensitivity or indifference to sounds, sights, smells, tastes or touch    
  • Difficulty filtering out distractions    

 

What causes autism spectrum disorder?    

 The exact causes of autism are unknown. Experts believe that a combination of genetic and environmental factors can increase the risk of developing ASD.   

Risk factors thought to play a role include:


Genetics - Autism appears to run in families, and identical twins are more likely to both have ASD compared to fraternal twins. This suggests a genetic link.    

Brain abnormalities - Research shows abnormal brain growth early in development, particularly in areas important for communication and social interaction.

Environment - Certain environmental factors during pregnancy like viral infections, air pollution or chemical exposures are thought to possibly contribute in some cases. But no specific toxins have been identified as clear causes.    

Types of autism spectrum disorder    

The main types of ASD include:

Autistic disorder -  Also called "classic" autism. Characterized by severe social and communication deficits and repetitive behaviors.   

Asperger's syndrome - Similar symptoms, but less severe and without language or cognitive delays.  

Pervasive developmental disorder - Milder form with fewer symptoms that cause impairment.

How is autism spectrum disorder treated?      

There is no cure for ASD, but treatments can significantly improve skills and quality of life. Treatment focuses on:

Speech therapy and social skill training - To improve communication and social interaction.      

Behavioral therapy -  Like ABA  (Applied Behavior Analysis) therapy to modify behaviors and teach new   adaptive skills.

Medications - To treat specific issues like  anxiety, depression, sleep or behavior problems. 

Education support - Changes to school environment and individualized learning plans.

Occupational therapy- To address difficulties with coordination and sensory issues.   


The earlier a child with ASD receives intensive intervention, the better the long-term outcome. With appropriate support and treatment, many people with ASD can lead healthy, fulfilling lives as adults.